Climate change creating vast new glacial lakes, with risk of ‘gargantuan’ floods, researcher says
Meltwater from shrinking glaciers is creating vast lakes that could eventually pose an enormous flooding threat, says newly published research.
The fact that glaciers around the world are shrinking due to climate change is well established. What hasn’t been so well studied is where all that water is going.
In a paper published Monday in Nature Climate Change, Shugar and his colleagues provide the first global assessment of how much water is contained in so-called glacial lakes and how quickly that volume is increasing.
That assessment wasn’t possible until a few years ago, when computers finally became powerful enough to work through a world’s worth of data and 250,000 satellite images.
Growing rapidly
Glacial lakes form when meltwater from glaciers is prevented from draining by the ice itself. They form on top, in front, beside or even underneath a glacier.
They are growing at a rapid pace everywhere glaciers are found. Shugar and his colleagues estimate that the amount of water those lakes hold has increased by almost 50 per cent since 1990.
The total volume is calculated to be an almost-unimaginable 158 cubic kilometres of water. That’s a cube of icy water almost 5.5 kilometres long, wide and high.
Many glacial lakes are located in thinly inhabited locales such as Greenland. Others are in places like the Himalayas, where they sit alongside villages and communities.
Also in Canada
Canadian glacial lakes are swelling as well.
Their volume across the country, including those in the High Arctic, has increased about 20 per cent and they hold about 37 cubic kilometres of water, Shugar said.
The lakes in British Columbia and Yukon have increased even more quickly, almost doubling in volume over the last 30 years to 21 cubic kilometres.
‘Absolutely gargantuan’
They can present a hazard. Because the water is only held back by ice, glacial lakes are prone to sudden events called glacial lake outburst floods.
And when they go, they go “absolutely gargantuan,” Shugar said.
In 1996, an outburst flood in Iceland created what was for a couple of days the second-biggest river in the world.
A 1930s outburst from the Chong Khumdan glacier in the Karakoram range sent a wall of water, mud and debris nearly 26 metres high down the Indus River for about 1,500 kilometres.
Shugar said he’s not able to tell yet if GLOFs, as they are known, are becoming more frequent.
But he warns that water managers are going to have to keep an eye out for them as climate change continues to melt glaciers and fill lakes.
“Even here in the Rockies we may see increased development of these lakes,” Shugar said.
“This is an evolving hazardous landscape. This is something that needs to be constantly revisited.”
Related stories from around the North:
Canada: Canadian Gwich’in leaders renew calls to oppose drilling in Alaska Arctic wildlife refuge, CBC News
Greenland/Denmark: Greenland and Denmark finalize cooperation agreement on marine pollution response, Eye on the Arctic
Finland: Miners hunting for metals to battery cars threaten Finland’s Sámi reindeer herders’ homeland, Yle News
Iceland: Arctic Science Ministerial postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19, Eye on the Arctic
Norway: Climate change hits back at Svalbard, coal mine flooded by melting glacier in Norway, The Independent Barents Observer
Russia: Record-warm Arctic summer fatal to wild reindeer in Russia, say environmentalists, The Independent Barents Observer
Sweden: Extra billions to SAS – but with stricter climate requirements, Radio Sweden
United States: Conservation groups sue government over Alaska mining road, The Associated Press
