Arctic Ocean acidifying up to four times faster than any other sea on Earth
What may be the broadest and longest study to date has found Canada’s Arctic Ocean is growing more acidic up to four times faster than any other sea on the planet.
The acidification, linked to the loss of sea ice, will have unknown repercussions for the life in those waters, said Wei-Jun Cai, an oceanographer at the University of Delaware and co-author of the study in the journal Science.
“There will be a whole suite of impacts,” he said. “Biologists will have to do more work.”
Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are turning all oceans more acidic, as carbon is dissolved into seawater and forms carbonic acid.
Scientists have known for some time that the Arctic Ocean is more susceptible than most. Last year’s Arctic Report Card from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration concluded acidification is already high enough in some places to dissolve shells of sea snails.
Cai’s study uses data on surface water from 47 different research cruises from 1994 to 2020 — some from the Chinese research icebreaker the Xue Long — to give the most definitive picture of the changes in the Canada Basin, a vast stretch of ocean covering the entire western Arctic.
It found almost a million square kilometres of ocean had grown more acidic, including more northern waters where the effect hadn’t been seen before.
The study also found the entire basin was acidifying at a rate at least three and up to four times faster than any other ocean — a speed much faster than that predicted by global emissions models.
“We were really shocked,” said Cai. “We were quite surprised.”
So were his colleagues. Cai said it took two years to get the paper published because peer review juries had to be absolutely convinced of how its disturbing conclusions were reached.
In the end, said Cai, it comes down to sea ice loss.
Historically, Arctic waters have been lower in carbon dioxide because as recently as the 1990s they were covered with sea ice most, if not all, of the year. That’s no longer true.
“Initially, there was no atmospheric contact,” Cai said. “Now you have atmospheric contact.”
Playing catch-up
In effect, Arctic waters are playing catch-up with the other oceans, where the carbon dioxide content is growing at the same pace it is in the air.
As well, the volume of that ice melt is creating a layer of relatively fresh water atop the Canada Basin. Because that water isn’t as dense as saltier water, it tends to float on the surface and concentrate the acidity.
Finally, that fresher water also tends to counteract ions that lend alkalinity, emphasizing acidification.
The consequences of that profound change to the Arctic ecosystem are just beginning to be studied, said Cai. Acidity makes it hard for animals to form shells, but that’s just the start, he said.
For example, Cai said there’s evidence to suggest that more acidic water makes toxins such as heavy metals more likely to be absorbed by plants and animals.
More research is needed to discover what effects the rapid changes are having on the Arctic ecosystem, which has one of the most productive fisheries in the world, he said. As well, more study is required just to keep on top of the changes, Cai said.
Cai and his colleagues conclude that ice melt is likely to drive faster-than-average acidification in the Arctic for at least the next couple of decades. The consequences are unknown, says the paper.
“This greatly amplified summertime ocean acidification, modulated by large-scale climate change, may lead to long-lasting impacts on the biogeochemistry, ecosystem, and organisms in the Arctic Ocean basins.”
Related stories from around the North:
Canada: Project laying groundwork to better track future climate impacts on seaweed in Arctic, Eye on the Arctic
Finland: What a Saami-led salmon rewilding project in Arctic Finland can teach us about Indigenous science, Eye on the Arctic
Greenland: Glowing snailfish full of antifreeze proteins found off coast of Greenland, Eye on the Arctic
Sweden: Replanting the sea in Sweden, Radio Sweden
United States: Investors bet on farmed kelp being Alaska’s next seafood export, Alaska Dispatch News
Analyzing data gathered from 1994 to 2020 – the first time such a long-term perspective was possible — Cai, Qi and their collaborators found an extraordinary increase in acidification and a strong correlation with the increasing rate of melting ice.
They point to sea-ice melt as the key mechanism to explain this rapid pH decrease, because it changes the physics and chemistry of the surface water in three primary ways:
The water under the sea ice, which had a deficit of carbon dioxide, now is exposed to the atmospheric carbon dioxide and can take up carbon dioxide freely.
The seawater mixed with meltwater is light and cannot mix easily into deeper waters, which means the carbon dioxide taken from the atmosphere is concentrated at the surface.
The meltwater dilutes the carbonate ion concentration in the seawater, weakening its ability to neutralize the carbon dioxide into bicarbonate and rapidly decreasing ocean pH.