Activists defending their communities and the surrounding environment against development of extractive industries and land grabs for agrarian use face high rates of criminalization, physical violence and murder around the world, according to a study published this month in the journal Global Environmental Change.
The study, which analyzed 2,743 cases of environmental conflicts worldwide, found that despite the fact that these activists primarily use nonviolent forms of protest, they become victims of violence in 18 per cent of these conflicts and murder in 13 per cent of all cases.
In 20 per cent of environmental conflicts, activists face criminalization, including fines, legal prosecution and prison terms, the study found.
Assassination, violence and criminalization of activists become even more endemic when Indigenous Peoples are involved, the study found.
In conflicts over mining and land use, assassinations occur in 19 per cent of conflict cases, the rate of violence rises to 25 per cent and criminalization – through imprisonment, restriction of activists’ rights, or prosecution without clear charges – increases to 27 per cent.
‘Tip of the iceberg’
Leah Temper, an ecological economist and a political ecologist at McGill University, who co-authored the international study, said despite the number of cases analyzed by the researchers, these environmental conflicts involving the extractive industry are “just the tip of the iceberg.”
“This just gives you an idea of the stakes that we’re talking about in a lot of these conflicts,” said Temper, who specializes in studying extractive industry conflicts and environmental justice issues.
“These are communities that are often trying to hang on to all that they have left, to the only livelihoods that they have, the only livelihoods that they know… and these states and these corporate interests would typically use any means at their disposal in order to push these projects through.”
These incidents of violence and murder also happen because of widespread impunity on the part of the governments and corporations, she said.
“They do this because they can get away with it,” Temper said.
The international consortium of researchers Temper has been working with has created an interactive map of environmental conflicts around the world. The project is called the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas) and it documents over 3,000 thousand cases of environmental conflict.
This interactive map documents only cases that are verifiable through secondary sources, published previously elsewhere, Temper said.
150 conflicts involving Canadian mining companies
Canadian companies are over-represented in the database of environmental conflicts, with involvement in 8 per cent of the cases analyzed, Temper said.
After the U.S., Canada is in second place when it comes to companies involved in environmental conflicts, Temper said.
“And, of course, that’s due in large part to Canadian mining companies,” Temper said. “Canadian mining companies are notorious, actually, globally for environmental and human rights abuses.”
The EJAtlas documents over 150 conflicts involving the Canadian mining industry.
- Canadian mining giant’s ‘conflict-free’ gold sparks cartel wars in Mexico
- New ombudsperson to investigate behaviour of Canadian companies abroad
- Guatemalan militarization to protect Canadian mining company, Tahoe Resources
Canadian companies that commit human rights abuses in other countries are often not liable for their actions, Temper said.
“There are a few examples now, where that’s beginning to change but they haven’t been accountable to the Canadian courts for these actions,” she said.
There are a lot of Canadian junior mining companies that break the ground on new projects in areas referred to as “commodity frontiers,” Temper said.
“Extractive companies arrive in these remote and untouched areas, and there is often huge resistance to these projects and potentially a lot environmental and human rights abuses that occur,” Temper said.
Pierre Gratton, president and CEO of the Mining Association of Canada (MAC), which represents 43 companies, said it is hard for him to comment on the study without being provided any specific examples of alleged abuses by member companies.
“We would simply say MAC has the most rigorous social and environmental performance system — Towards Sustainable Mining, or TSM — that currently exists in the global mining industry,” Gratton said in email.
It is mandatory for MAC members to commit to high environmental, social and human rights standards, he said.
“Further, we categorically oppose any violence against human rights defenders, who have a legitimate right to represent themselves and advocate their views and interests,” Gratton said.
The study found that grassroots mobilizations for more sustainable and socially just uses of the environment occur around the world, in all income groups.
However, the data shows that environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who mainly employ non-violent forms of protest.
Local activism includes opposition to fossil fuel extraction, open cast mining, tree plantations, hydropower dams and other extractive industries, to opposition to waste disposal in the form of incineration or dumps, Temper said.
For reasons beyond our control, and for an undetermined period of time, our comment section is now closed. However, our social networks remain open to your contributions.